CLEAPSS Chemistry

Detailed guidance on how to carry out specific chemistry practical activities so they work and are safe.

Note: Some practical procedures are yet to be published. For additional unpublished procedures, please refer to our legacy materials which can be found in the interim document PX000.

Chemistry Procedures

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PP001 - Reaction of concentrated sulfuric(VI) acid with hydrated copper(II) sulfate(VI)

Sulfuric(VI) acid does not exhibit the usual properties of an acid unless it is dissolved in water. In this activity, the concentrated acid acts as a dehydrating agent, removing the water of crystalli.. more

PP002 - Reaction of concentrated sulfuric(VI) acid with sugar (sucrose)

Concentrated sulfuric(VI) acid acts as both a dehydrating and oxidising agent with organic material such as carbohydrates. The carbon produced by dehydration is then oxidised to carbon dioxide and car.. more

PP003 - Reaction of concentrated sulfuric(VI) acid with copper metal

Sulfuric(VI) acid does not exhibit the usual properties of an acid unless it is dissolved in water. In this activity, the concentrated acid acts as an oxidising agent. Copper is oxidised to copper(II).. more

PP004 - Reaction of concentrated sulfuric(VI) acid with halide salts

Concentrated sulfuric(VI) acid reacts with solid samples of Group 1 halides (chloride, bromide or iodide) to form hydrogen halide gases and other products. The activity illustrates the behaviour of co.. more

PP005 - Zinc electroplating

Electroplating is an important industrial application of electrolysis and is studied in many pre-16 and post-16 courses. Electroplating processes often involve coating a metal object with another meta.. more

PP007 – The electrolysis of water using the CLEAPSS (small) Hofmann voltameter

The electrolysis of water is becoming increasing more relevant as a means of providing hydrogen, which may be used as a fossil fuel supplement or replacement. The expensive, traditional apparatus, the.. more

PP008 – Preparing and Firing Microscale Hydrogen Oxygen Rockets

The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen produces lots of energy, and is over in less than a 0.01 s. It can be used to fire rockets. In this activity, students can make gas mixtures and fire rockets. .. more

PP009 - Confirmation tests (microscale) for halides, carbonates and nitrates

In this microscale procedure, students can investigate confirmatory tests for common anions. It provides good talking points for the diffusion of gases and appearance of coloured halos. Students can w.. more

PP010 - a colourful catalysis reaction using cobalt(II) ions

This activity dramatically shows the effect of a catalyst, cobalt(II) ions, on a reaction. Other characteristic properties of transition metals (eg, coloured ions, different oxidation state) can be ob.. more

PP011 - Testing for carbonyl compounds with Fehling's solution

Although both aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl functional group (-C=O), only aldehydes give a positive test (formation of an orange to brick-red precipitate of copper(I) oxide) with Fehling’.. more

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